Lecture Week

Find the stress in the same elastic plate under the combined loading. Solution: Known the stress functions in the two different loading cases. Thus the stress functions can be added directly as per the â€Å"superposition principle†. 4. 7 Solution Approaches and Skills Introduction After define the B. C. , one should solve for three groups of unknowns: Displacement: u,v,w Strain Stress It is however impossible to solve for these unknowns altogether. We often have to solve one or two groups first. As such we have four different methods: displacement teeth, strain method, stress method and mixed method.Fig. 4. 8 Flowchart of displacement method (replace stress and strain by displacement). Displacement Method Unknowns: u, v, w Procedure: Other two sets of the unknown variables must be eliminated from the equations. Thus we replace strain and stress in displacements, which can be done as follows: We derive (refer to Tutorial Question #3, Week 5) where Lovelace operator: and After obtain u, v, w, one can calculate strain by using strain-displacement equation and then calculate the stress by using Hooker's law.Note that the solution must satisfy the boundary conditions. Stress Method Unknowns: Procedure: Solve for stress component first and then strains and displacements. Strain Method 4. 8 Problem 1: Solution to Cylinder under Internal and External Pressure Introduction It is convenient to use cylindrical coordinate system for many engineering problem which involves in circular geometry (e. G. Fig. 4. 8). Cylindrical coordinate system Similar to Cartesian coordinate system, cylindrical system consists of 3 independent coordinates: (r, 0, z) as shown in Fig. 4. 9.Equilibrium equations in AD cylindrical system (can be derived by replacing coordinate): Strain-Displacement relations: Normal: Hooker's Law in AD: Displacement Method Step 1: Check the Boundary conditions: At:Ã'› Shear: Step 2 Analysis: The deformation is asymmetric and under plane strain. So the d eformation is independent of coordinate z and 0. Thus the circumferential and axial displacement v and w vanish, and displacements can be expressed as: Step 3 Strain – Displacement relation: Step 4 Apply Hooker's law: Step 5: Equilibrium Equations The second and third equations are satisfied automatically.The first equation is: Substitution of Hooker's law into the above equation of Thus Step 6: Solve for this linear and static ordinary differential equation Thus its solution an be assumed as (Displacement Method) (in which CLC and co are constants to be determined by using B. C. ) Step 7: plug this trial function (solution) into the Strain – Displacement equations Similarly, we can have: where . Now the question is how to determine A and B. Equations. Step 8: Apply B. C. O determine the constants which leads to: and From A and B we can calculate CLC and co: Step 9: Calculate all the functions Displacements: Strains: Stresses: Plane Stress Problem: Replacing E and 0 by and , we can further obtain the solution to the corresponding plane stress problems. Plant stress Fig. 4. 0 Pressurized cylinder with plane strain and plane stress Displacement: Remarks: are independent on material properties. The cylinder made of any materials will have the same stress values and thus if strength is the major concern, one should select the highest strength material.However, the displacement and strains are dependent on material properties. If the stiffness is the main concern, a higher E modulus material should be chosen. When , one have Since , the radial stress (always negative) and (always positive). Thus: . As all shear stresses are zero, thus the principal stresses are: 4. 9 Saint-Vents Principle In the cantilever beam problem, some observed some difference of stress contours as shown in Fig. 4. 11.Saint Vents observed that in pure bending of a beam conforms a rigorous solution only when the external forces applied at the ends of beams are distributed over th e end is the same as internal stress distribution, I. E. Linear distribution. Saint Vents Principle: If the force acting on a small portion of the surface of an elastic body are replaced by another statically equivalent system of forces acting on the same portion of the surface, such redistribution of loading produces substantial change in stress locally tit a linear dimensions of the surface on which the force are changed†.Two key assumptions: (1) very small loading area compared with the whole dimension. The affected area will be much smaller than the unaffected area Unaffected>>Affected. E. G in the tensile bar as shown in Fig 4. 12, L>>a, in which the affected area will take roughly: Aziza. (2) Force replaced must be statically equivalent. The replacement must not change either the resultant force or resultant couple. For example the slender bar is stretched in different ways as below, where one can approximately define the effected and unaffected areas.Tensile test In the tensile test, the way of holding a specimen has no effect on the stress and deformation in the middle region of the specimen. In test code requires a sufficient length of the specimen to avoid the end effect on the testing result. It is an application of Saint-Pennant's principle. Four-point bending The better positioning of strain gauge should be in a far field as shown below to get more stable and reliable testing result. Cantilever beam in FEE The end force can be applied in different way, which only affects a small area as shown.

Multicultural and Anti Racist literature essays

Multicultural and Anti Racist literature essays The issues of fighting racism and stereotypes in childrens literature have been addressed in two ways: through multicultural or anti racist literature. These issues have been presented in bodies of work for the very young to older children. Patricia Polacco and Eloise Greenfield have revolutionized childrens literature with their stories that address societies needs. Greenfields style is distinctive from Polaccos; her stories address multiculturalism, whereas Pollacos is anti racist literature. The reason for this difference in style is due to the era in which these authors wrote their books. Although Greenfield has recent books published in the late 1990s, her books were mostly written and published during the 1970s. Polacco, on the other hand, wrote and published her books in the 1990s to present. Therefore, these two authors have distinct presentation, styles, and goals of their work. Their work, although written two decades apart also focus on two different age groups ran ging from preschoolers to elementary children. For this reason their style may house similarities, such as the goal of multiculturalism of their work, but it is distinct, as in the route, multicultural or anti racist, they chose to take to achieve their goal. One uses multiculturalism to identify that regardless of race, children are individuals and feel similar feelings to the similar situation, whereas anti-racist literature increases awareness of racial and religious barriers, aiming to educate the reader about minority groups sufferings, culture, and ceremonies. At times anti-racist books, incorporated multiculturalism, with emphasis on specific anti racist behavior that reduces prejudice and increases acceptance. These two authors are known for their contributions to multicultural and anti racist literature. Their styles are distinct, Greenfields aim is the incorporation of all children through her chara...

The Pay Gap between Genders

The Pay Gap between Genders Free Online Research Papers The Pay Gap between Genders Back in 1960s, President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law, making it illegal to pay men and women employees in the same establishment different wages for substantially equal work. Even though federal laws protect women against discrimination, a pay gap persists. Women earn less than men in general. According to a study, â€Å"women employed full-time earn only 76.6 cents on average for each dollar earned by males by 2003† (Hughes 264). Masculine â€Å"ideal worker† norm lives in most of the high-reward occupations such as engineering and medicines. In contrast, female employees usually take the subordinate roles in the workforce, and these positions usually provide lower salaries. This inequality has been socially constructed, and it is caused by many forces including occupational segregation, â€Å"glass ceiling† and family responsibility. Men and women tend to work in different occupations and wages differ substantially according to the gender composition of the occupation. In order to write this paper, I did a little research at salary.com. The average yearly salary of an engineer in California is about $70,000 comparing to the average salary of a registered nurse is only about $55,000. I also find out that a firefighter earns far more than a high school teacher; a corporate lawyer earns more than a family lawyer. When I mention the terms â€Å"engineers†, â€Å"firefighters†, and â€Å"corporate lawyers†, people will automatically have a male figure in their mind to match up these occupations. This phenomenon is caused by one form of stereotype called occupational segregation in the labor market. In other words, occupational segregation is the concentration of a similar group of people (males, females, whites, blacks, etc) in a particular job. For the same reason, when I mention â€Å"nursesâ⠂¬ , â€Å"school teachers†, and â€Å"family lawyers†, people naturally imagine a female face to match up these occupations since these positions are usually dominated by women. From these finding, I conclude that male dominated occupations usually provide higher pay than female occupied positions. Despite the different distribution of male and female workers in the labor market, a few women change their fates by challenging some careers traditionally dominated by male. They obtain success through market experiences and educations. Nevertheless, there is always a â€Å"glass ceiling† which means a set of invisible barriers that prevent women from further advancing. For example, my aunt’s friend, Nancy, entered a company as an accountant right after she graduated from business school in the University of Los Angeles. Five years later, her working experiences only allowed her to climb up a little higher in the managerial hierarchy with only 15 percent wage rise. It is true that there are many jobs that classified as executive, administrative, and managerial were held by women, but only a very few of these women were at the very top. Their advancement was limited by a set of invisible wall. The absence of women in the top management level is a result of gender discri mination. Even though they had the qualified education level and experience, sadly, they are not able to break through the â€Å"glass ceiling† to reach the uppermost level in institutional hierarchy. Some people argue that women work fewer hours than men because they need more time to take care of their families, especially if the family consists of more than one child. Women who have at least a child are less likely to have a full-time career than those who are childless. This is what happens to my mother. My mother told me that she never worked in a full-time job after she gave born my brother and me. When my brother and I were still infants, she even quitted her job to be full-time taking care of both of us. Many working mothers choose to be part-time workers in order to balance their family responsibilities. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 29.7 percent of custodial mothers were part-time workers in 2001. With nearly one-third of the mothers bringing in less income, this will explain more about the pay gap between male and female workers. In addition, working mothers are no longer free to take on time-consuming tasks or are less motivated because of their family responsib ilities. Nevertheless, the high-pay positions usually concentrate on the top of management such as board executive in a corporation, and the tasks are always considered time-consuming. Therefore, married women or working mothers are usually excluded from those high-paying jobs. In conclusion, the trend of pay gap between male and female is the result of many forces. Primarily, the occupations that are dominated by male have higher pay than those occupied by female. Secondly, the invisible â€Å"glass ceiling† has become a hand string to women’s success in the top and has kept them away from promotions. Thirdly, the family responsibilities carried by women are much heavier than those carried by men, which have affected women’s status of their work. As a woman myself, I feel this pay gap is a form of gender discrimination and it needs to be changed immediately. We want more women to participate in male-dominated occupations. In order to do so, we need to have more female students to major in areas such as engineering, architecture, and management. We can break through the â€Å"glass ceiling† by the means of educations and practices. I think employers will see our motivations and strengths through hardworking. Moreover, as many goo d quality daycare centers emerge, working mothers can take a break from babysitting so that they can have more time and focus to develop a full time career. To narrow down the pay gap between man and women is going to be time-consuming and challenging since this gap has been socially constructed for hundreds of years; yet, women are commendable to be the victors in this long run. Research Papers on The Pay Gap between GendersResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesHip-Hop is ArtTrailblazing by Eric AndersonComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Fifth HorsemanStandardized Testing

Chimeras Of Life Essays - World War I, Free Essays, Term Papers

Chimeras Of Life Essays - World War I, Free Essays, Term Papers Chimeras of Life "One is left with the horrible feeling now that war settles nothing; that to win a war is as disastrous to lose one!. . . We shall not survive war, but shall, as well as our adversaries, be destroyed by war."-Agatha Christie, The Second War The war described in All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, destroyed those who fought in it. It tells the story of Paul, a young German soldier. As Paul fights on the bloody front, he is numbed to the pain of those around him. War kills the dreams and spirits of the young men fighting in it by making them inured to death. When death no longer holds any significance, man reverts back to living for the present. Paul accepts the grisly battles in stride with the brief respites a few miles away. He says: "We have lost all sense of other considerations, because they are artificial. Only the facts are real and important to us." (21) Morals have no place on the battlefield. Only a sense of now and here is necessary, and physical needs. Food is a crucial need of the men's-one which they go to great lengths to acquire. (Quote) One of the most heartbreaking lessons learned was that death is the complete purpose of one's life. Paul and his classmates learn this when they see their first deaths on the front lines. Paul describes this reality: "While they taught that duty to one's country is the greatest thing, we already knew that death-throes are stronger... we were all at once terribly alone..." (13). Here, Paul discovers that death is the strongest force in his life; it is inescapable. The men learn that, ultimately, a man will protect his life over his duty. Where once they pictured war as noble and victorious, this chimera was shattered on the battlefield. The men have accepted the fact that fear of death is the driving force in one's life. They resort to bloody measures to protect their own lives; Paul, while in the trenches, learns the secrets of protection: "The bayonet has practically lost its importance.... The sharpened spade is a more handy and many-sided weapon..." (104). These gri! sly tools are now necessities. As death pervades their lives, these young men cannot plan their futures; as they move away from the front, the images still haunt their lives. Without a solid groundwork before the war, it is impossible to recover after the war. The noxious front lines couldn't nurture dreams too well. Paul reflects on his past life, and notes: "All the older men are linked up with their previous life... they have a background which is so strong that the war cannot obliterate it..." (20). Paul says here that these men ahd something else to live for; real, solid things which gave them a purpose to go on. For the young men, however, all most of them had were their ambitions and their dreams to sutain them; these had a weak hold on them, in the face of death. "...we stood on the threshold of life... te war swept us away... we have bocome a waste land..." (20). Paul describes thier loss. Without their dreams, who knows what these men can do after the war? They will be haunted by the trenches which stripped them of their dreams. After a man has looked death in the eye, it is difficult to return to life. Paul says, "we were eight! een and had begun to love life and the world; and we had to shoot it to pieces.... we believe in such things no longer. We believe in war." (88) The war is now the only driving force in these men's lives; the rest was shattered with the front-line view of the world: shot or be shot, kill or be killed. The lives of these young men were ruined by the war. As World War I recedes further and further into our memories, people forget the generation of men destroyed by war. Their shattered drems

Urinary incontinence Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Urinary incontinence - Article Example The people involved in the study were observed and given questionnaires to fill. The data collected was then analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Z-tests were conducted for every demographic factor and the results are then discussed comprehensively citing various studies that have been conducted before. Analysis shows that age and BMI increase chances of urinary infection and consequently urinary incontinence. Women of lower educational levels record more cases of urinary incontinence due to lack of general information about the condition. Women with higher parity levels also record more cases of urinary infections and subsequently urinary incontinence. This observational study aimed at describing the determinants and factors more likely to be responsible for urinary incontinence. Women who had urinary incontinence and women without urinary incontinence were compared with regards to their demographic features and risk of development of urinary problems. The group1 women were asked two more questions whether or not they had sought medical help and how long the problem had existed. Urinary Incontinence is a disorder that can be basically explained as inability to control or loss of bladder control. According to Danford et al, there exists risk factors that cause increased chances of urinary incontinence, especially among women of child bearing age (Danford, 2006). These risk factors can either cause short term or temporary urinary incontinence or they can cause long term or permanent urinary incontinence. This article is about some of these risk factors that may lead to urinary incontinence. The risk factors covered in this article are age, education levels, parity and BMI. According to Rogers, age is a significant risk factor especially for women who have given birth through vaginal method. Stress incontinence is more common in these women as it may result in destroyed pelvic muscles (Rogers, 2008). Body weight is also a

Contract Scenario Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contract Scenario - Article Example One of the first requirements in order to a valid contract to exists is that there must be an offer and an acceptance of that offer.1 A contract will be deemed to exist when an offer has been made by one party which has been accepted by the other party for a mutually agreed consideration, and the acceptance has been communicated to the offerer. In this scenario, at the outset, a distinction needs to be made between an offer and an invitation to treat. An offer is an indication of the willingness to contract, with the intent to be bound by it as soon as the offer is accepted, whereas an invitation to treat is when offers are being solicitor which the offeree is then free to accept or receive. The consideration in this case is the amount of 4000 plus pounds which is the sum payable for receiving the contract in exchange. In the case of Currie v Lisa2 consideration has been defined as "' some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party, or some forebearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other." In this case, the question of consideration can be fairly easily established since Andrea is receiving a sum of cash to compensate her for the detriment she is suffering through the loss of her caravan. Therefore there is scope for formation of contract on the basis of consideration, to show that contracts can be formed, if other terms apply, such as offer and acceptance and the communication of that acceptance. Andrea has placed the notice about her caravan which states her terms of sale clearly, i.e, the price of 4750 pounds and her telephone number. The first question that arises is whether this in effect, constitutes an offer or whether it is more likely to be considered to be an invitation to treat. Andrea's note on her caravan will not strictly constitute an offer. Merely displaying the goods with a price ticket on them is not an offer; it is only an invitation being extended to potential buyers to make an offer to buy. An invitation to treat, as in an advertisement, is different from an offer in the sense that it does not bind the one making the offer. In the case of Fisher v Bell 3 the display of a flick knife with a price tag in a window was held to be an invitation to treat and not an offer. In PSGB v Boots4 the Court clarified that it is only after the offer is accepted and communicated that a contract will come into being. Hence, Andrea's display of the note on her caravan does n ot mean that she has is bound to it as soon as her offer is accepted, she is merely inviting potential buyers to make an offer so that she can consider whether or not she wants to accept it. For a contract to be valid, "there must be a definite offer mirrored by a definite acceptance."5 An acceptance will be said to occur when the offeree's words or conduct can give rise to an objective reference that he/she has assented to the terms offered.6 If the offeree has some queries or tries to change the terms in any way, the original offer, therefore it will be rejected and a counter offer will take its place, based upon the new terms that constitute the counter offer. For example, in the case of Hyde v Wrench7 the plaintiffs sent a telegram to the defendant on the price of the product but the defendants responded with their own offer, which was held to be a counter offer and therefore did not constitute acceptance. Bernice has contacted Andrea but instead of accepting Andrea's offer,

Western Site Visit and Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Western Site Visit and Paper - Essay Example My visit to this mosque was on a Friday. I prepared myself and arrived at about 11.00 a.m. Since I was new, I sorted to get some directions on what is required of me while in the mosque. So I went straight to the offices and I was welcomed warmly by the occupants who were in the office. Mr. Abdul, who introduced himself as a teacher for weekend Islam classes took the pleasure to show me around the mosque and to teach me the basic about Islam. Below is the conversation that followed between me and Mr. Abdul. Abdul: I am very pleased to have you here today. First and foremost, I will start with the basic things that you need to know about this religion. Islam is built on five pillars. The first one is Shahadah, where a believer expresses his commitment and acceptance of Islam. The shahadah is "There is no God but God and Muhammad is the Messenger of God." Abdul: And Prophet Muhammad is his Messenger. And you also go by the next pillars. The second pillar is prayer, commonly known as Salah in Islam. In prayer, a person communicates directly with God. A person is supposed to pray five times in a day and the prayers must be conducted while you are facing Mecca. Abdul: Because is the holiest city in Islam and also God instructed the Prophet Muhammad to pray while facing Qibla which is in Mecca. All Muslims in the world prays while facing Qibla. The third pillar is Zakat which means alms-giving or offering Muslims give to the needy. The fourth pillar is to fast during the holy month of  Ramadan, known as Sawm in Islam. The fifth pillar is visiting Mecca for pilgrimage. In Islam it is called Hajj. Abdul: Okay, the mosque or Masjid is the prayer house. It is a holy place and before entering, one must remove his or her shoes, clean him or herself with water. This act of cleaning is called tawadhah. The mosque is divided into two parts from